Arduino, ESP32 or Raspberry Pi: Choosing the Right Brain

Use a microcontroller when deterministic control and direct sensor work matter most. Choose ESP32 when the project needs integrated wireless connectivity with embedded control. Choose Raspberry Pi for Linux, cameras, computer vision and higher-level applications. Many capable robots combine a microcontroller for real-time motion with a single-board computer for perception and planning.

Official sources: Arduino UNO R4 WiFi · Espressif ESP32-S3 · Raspberry Pi documentation